The datasource defined in web.xml:

<data-source>
<name>java:/datasources/test</name>
<class-name>org.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDataSource</class-name>
<database-name>test</database-name>
<url>jdbc:derby://localhost:1527/test</url>
<user>test</user>
<password>test</password>
</data-source>

The persistence unit:

<persistence-unit name="wtpu" transaction-type="JTA">
<jta-data-source>java:/datasources/test</jta-data-source>
</persistence-unit>

The deployment error:

17:57:10,813 INFO [org.jboss.as.server.deployment] (MSC service thread 1-8) JBAS015876: Starting deployment of "WebTest.war" (runtime-name: "WebTest.war")
17:57:11,078 INFO [org.jboss.as.jpa] (MSC service thread 1-2) JBAS011401: Read persistence.xml for wtpu
17:57:11,172 ERROR [org.jboss.as.controller.management-operation] (DeploymentScanner-threads - 1) JBAS014613: Operation ("deploy") failed - address: ([("deployment" => "WebTest.war")]) - failure description: ("JBAS014771: Services with missing/unavailable dependencies" => "jboss.persistenceunit.\"WebTest.war#wtpu\".__FIRST_PHASE__ is missing [jboss.naming.context.java.datasources.test]")
17:57:11,187 INFO [org.jboss.as.server] (DeploymentScanner-threads - 1) JBAS018559: Deployed "WebTest.war" (runtime-name : "WebTest.war")
17:57:11,187 INFO [org.jboss.as.controller] (DeploymentScanner-threads - 1) JBAS014774: Service status report
JBAS014775: New missing/unsatisfied dependencies:
service jboss.naming.context.java.datasources.test (missing) dependents: service jboss.persistenceunit."WebTest.war#wtpu".__FIRST_PHASE__

If I remove the persistence unit, the datasource can be successfully bound:

17:55:47,851 INFO [org.jboss.as.connector.subsystems.datasources] (MSC service thread 1-3) JBAS010400: Bound data source [java:/datasources/test]

The same code works as expected in GlassFish 4.1, and the @DataSourceDefinition annotation has the same issue.