I set up 2 GitHub projects to reproduce this issue:
https://github.com/cquoss/log4j2-log-msg-producer
This small project simply logs using log4j2 api.
https://github.com/cquoss/log4j2-jboss-logmanager-mdc-bug
This second project makes use of the first one to show the bug.
If you run the one test included here you see the following log output in target/test.log:
2022-01-25 09:28:10,952 [] [main] TRACE de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main run() start
2022-01-25 09:28:11,019 [jboss-only] [main] TRACE de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Trace message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,019 [jboss-only] [main] DEBUG de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Debug message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,019 [jboss-only] [main] INFO de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Info message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,020 [jboss-only] [main] WARN de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Warn message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,020 [jboss-only] [main] ERROR de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Error message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,022 [jboss-only] [main] FATAL de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Fatal message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,124 [] [main] INFO de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Info message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,144 [] [main] WARN de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Warn message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,145 [] [main] ERROR de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Error message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,145 [] [main] FATAL de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Fatal message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,145 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] TRACE de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Trace message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,145 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] DEBUG de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Debug message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,146 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] INFO de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Info message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,146 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] WARN de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Warn message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,146 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] ERROR de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Error message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,146 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] FATAL de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main JBoss Logger Fatal message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,146 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] INFO de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Info message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,147 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] WARN de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Warn message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,147 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] ERROR de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Error message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,147 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] FATAL de.quoss.test.log.producer.log4j2.Log4j2LogMsgProducer Log4j2 Logger Fatal message
2022-01-25 09:28:11,147 [jboss-and-log4j2] [main] TRACE de.quoss.bug.jboss.logmananger.log4j2.Main run() end
As you can see, the MDC qualifier provided is only displayed in the log messages when explicitly put into the thread context.